Integrating multiple aspects of human–elephant conflict management in Dong Nai Biosphere Reserve, Vietnam

Human–elephant conflict (HEC) is a multifaceted complex phenomenon, and managing it requires multiple strategies. However, HEC remains prevalent in tropical areas due to a lack of “synergy of options”. Establishing synergistic HEC management strategies is thus crucial. We applied a choice experiment to capture the preference heterogeneity of the human population in Dong Nai Biosphere Reserve, Vietnam, regarding synergistic HEC management strategies and evaluate their marginal willingness to participate (MWTP) under multiple scenarios of HEC management. The following characteristics were found to affect this human population’s preferences regarding a HEC management program: 1) their attitude toward elephant conservation, 2) education and income level, and 3) employment status. Three promising guide scenarios were suggested based on the positive-preference attributes regarding HEC management. Among these, the scenario of a human–elephant coexistence program generated the highest MWTP compared to the scenarios of ‘building HEC prevention and mitigation’ and ‘protecting elephants and forest’. These outcomes can help managers adopt sustainable policies for mitigating HEC and facilitating human–elephant coexistence.