Using 157 Gd doped carbon and 157 GdF4 nanoparticles in proton-targeted therapy for effectiveness enhancement and thermal neutron reduction: a simulation study

There are two major problems in proton therapy. (1) In comparison with the gamma-ray therapy, proton therapy has only ~ 10% greater biological effectiveness, and (2) the risk of the secondary neutrons in proton therapy is another unsolved problem. In this report, the increase of biological effectiveness in proton therapy has been evaluated with better performance than 11 B in the presence of two proposed nanomaterials of 157 GdF4 and 157 Gd doped carbon with the thermal neutron reduction due to the presence of 157 Gd isotope. The present study is based on the microanalysis calculations using GEANT4 Monte Carlo tool and GEANT4-DNA package for the strand breaks measurement. It was found that the proposed method will increase the effectiveness corresponding to the alpha particles by more than 100% and also, potentially will decrease the thermal neutrons fluence, significantly. Also, in this work, a discussion is presented on a significant contribution of the secondary alpha particles in total effectiveness in proton therapy.