Tumor infiltrating iNKT cells sustain neutrophil pro-tumorigenic functions influencing disease progression in human colorectal cancer

iNKT cells account for a relevant fraction of effector T-cells in the intestine. Although iNKT cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes, their role in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains controversial. From the analysis of colonic LPMCs of human and murine CRC specimens we report that tumor-infiltrating iNKT cells are characterized by an IL17/GM-CSF pro-tumorigenic phenotype, while maintaining cytotoxic properties in the adjacent non-tumoral tissue. Exposure of iNKT cells to the tumor-associated pathobiont Fusobacterium nucleatum blunted their cytotoxic capability and enhanced iNKT cell-mediated neutrophils chemotaxis, which upregulated PMN-MDSC gene signatures and functions. Importantly, in vivo stimulation of iNKT cells with αGalCer restored their anti-tumorigenic functions. Survival analyses demonstrated that human CRC co-infiltration by iNKT cells and tumor-associated neutrophils correlates with negative outcomes. Our results reveal a functional plasticity of human intestinal iNKT cells with pro- and anti-tumorigenic activities in CRC, suggesting an iNKT pivotal role in shaping the cancer developmental trajectory. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.