Tuberculosis in Children Living With HIV: Ongoing Progress and Challenges.

There has been much recent progress on control of the tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemics globally. However, advances in children have lagged behind, and TB-HIV coinfection continues to be a major driver of pediatric mortality in many settings. This review highlights recent research findings in the areas of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of HIV-associated childhood TB. Key areas for future research are defined. Current prevention efforts such as vaccination, TB symptom screening, and TB preventive treatment are demonstrated as beneficial but need to be optimized for children living with HIV (CLHIV). Diagnosis of HIV-associated TB in children remains a major challenge, depending heavily on clinicians' ability to judge an array of signs, symptoms, and imaging findings, but there are a growing number of promising diagnostic tools with improved accuracy and feasibility. Treatment of TB-HIV coinfection has also seen recent progress with more evidence demonstrating the safety and effectiveness of shorter regimens for treatment of TB infection and disease and improved understanding of interactions between antiretrovirals and TB medications. However, several evidence gaps on drug-drug interactions persist, especially for young children and those with drug-resistant TB. Accelerated efforts are needed in these areas to build upon current progress and reduce the burden of TB on CLHIV.