Random lasing and replica symmetry breaking in GeO 2 -PbO-MgO glass–ceramics doped with neodymium

We investigated the random lasing process and Replica Symmetry Breaking (RSB) phenomenon in neodymium ions (Nd 3+ ) doped lead-germanate glass–ceramics (GCs) containing MgO. Glass samples were fabricated by conventional melt-quenching technique and the GCs were obtained by carefully devitrifying the parent glasses at 830 °C for different time intervals. The partial crystallization of the parent glasses was verified by X-ray diffraction. Photoluminescence (PL) enhancement of ≈ 500