Engineering white blood cell membrane-camouflaged nanocarriers for inflammation-related therapeutics

White blood cells (WBCs) play essential roles against inflammatory disorders, bacterial infections, and cancers. Inspired by nature, WBC membrane-camouflaged nanocarriers (WBC-NCs) have been developed to mimic the "dynamic" functions of WBCs, such as transendothelial migration, adhesion to injured blood vessels, etc, which make them promising for diverse medical applications. WBC-NCs inherit the cell membrane antigens of WBCs, while still exhibiting the robust inflammation-related therapeutic potential of synthetic nanocarriers with excellent (bio)physicochemical performance. This review summarizes the proposed concept of cell membrane engineering, which utilizes physical engineering, chemical modification, and biological functionalization tech-nologies to endow the natural cell membrane with abundant functionalities. In addition, it highlights the recent progress and applications of WBC-NCs for inflammation targeting, biological neutralization, and immune modulation. Finally, the challenges and opportunities in realizing the full potential of WBC-NCs for the manipulation of inflammation-related therapeutics are discussed.