Automatic Detection of the Explosive Activity of the Mt. Etna Volcano through Doppler Radar Monitoring.

Improving the capability to detect volcanic explosive activity could be strategic for the task of a volcano observatory to inform civil protection authorities and air traffic controllers. The detection of explosive volcanic activity can be done in real time and also under bad visibility conditions by using the radar remote sensing technique. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo (INGV-OE) installed an S-band pulse Doppler radar in a shelter located at about 3 km south of the active volcanic vents in order to enhance the Etna volcano's surveillance. Here, we describe the realisation of a system that exploits such device, aimed at continuously monitoring the explosive eruptive activity at the Mt. Etna summit craters through an automatic processing flow of the radar data. We analysed the signals recorded during 23 eruptive episodes that occurred at the Etna South-East Crater during the second half of 2021; these episodes were characterised by an opening Strombolian activity and the subsequent evolution into a lava fountain. To identify the onset of both volcanic phenomena, empirical thresholds of radar time series were extracted with the help of thermal and visible images acquired by the INGV-OE cameras' network. The resulting monitoring tool automatically operates 24/7 for volcanic surveillance, providing real-time data to the INGV-OE control room.