What is the ideal combination therapy in de novo, oligometastatic, castration-sensitive prostate cancer?

Purpose To review current evidence regarding the management of de novo, oligometastatic, castration-sensitive prostate cancer (PCa). Methods A literature search was conducted on PubMed/Medline and a narrative synthesis of the evidence was performed in August 2022. Results Oligometastatic disease is an intermediate state between localized and aggressive metastatic PCa defined by ≤ 3–5 metastatic lesions, although this definition remains controversial. Conventional imaging has limited accuracy in detecting metastatic lesions, and the implementation of molecular imaging could pave the way for a more personalized treatment strategy. However, oncological data supporting this strategy are needed. Radiotherapy to the primary tumor should be considered standard treatment for oligometastatic PCa (omPCa). However, it remains to be seen whether local therapy still has an additional survival benefit in patients with de novo omPCa when treated with the most modern systemic therapy combinations. There is insufficient evidence to recommend cytoreductive radical prostatectomy as local therapy; or stereotactic body radiotherapy as metastasis-directed therapy in patients with omPCa. Current data support the use of intensified systemic therapy with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and next-generation hormone therapies (NHT) for patients with de novo omPCa. Docetaxel has not demonstrated benefit in low volume disease. There are insufficient data to support the use of triple therapy (i.e., ADT + NHT + Docetaxel) in low volume disease. Conclusion The present review discusses current data in de novo, omPCa regarding its definition, the increasing role of molecular imaging, the place of local and metastasis-directed therapies, and the intensification of systemic therapies.