Palliative care outpatients in a German comprehensive cancer center—identifying indicators for early and late referral

Purpose Despite that early integration of palliative care is recommended in advanced cancer patients, referrals to outpatient specialised palliative care (SPC) frequently occur late. Well-defined referral criteria are still missing. We analysed indicators associated with early (ER) and late referral (LR) to SPC of an high volume outpatient unit of a comprehensive cancer center. Methods Characteristics, laboratory parameters and symptom burden of 281 patients at first SPC referral were analysed. Timing of referral was categorized as early, intermediate and late (> 12, 3–12 and < 3 months before death). Ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors related to referral timing. Kruskal–Wallis test was used to determine symptom severity and laboratory parameter in each referral category. Results LRs (50.7%) had worse scores of weakness, loss of appetite, drowsiness, assistance of daily living (all p < 0.001) and organisation of care ( p < 0.01) in contrast to ERs. The mean symptom sum score was significantly higher in LRs than ERs (13.03 vs. 16.08; p < 0.01). Parameters indicative of poor prognosis, such as elevated LDH, CRP and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) ( p < 0.01) as well as the presence of ascites ( p < 0.05), were significantly higher (all p < 0.001) in LRs. In univariable analyses, psychological distress ( p < 0.05) and female gender ( p < 0.05) were independently associated with an ER. Conclusion A symptom sum score and parameters of poor prognosis like NLR or LDH might be useful to integrate into palliative care screening tools.