Molecular properties and regulation of NAD⁺ kinase (NADK)

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) kinase (NADK) phosphorylates NAD+, thereby producing nicotin-amide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). Both NADK genes and the NADP(H)-producing mechanism are evolutionarily conserved among archaea, bacteria, plants and mammals. In mammals, NADK is activated by phosphorylation and protein-protein interaction. Recent studies conducted using genetically altered models validate the essential role of NADK in cellular redox homeostasis and metabolism in multicellular organisms. Here, we describe the evolutionary conservation, molecular properties, and signaling mechanisms and discuss the pathophysiological significance of NADK.