At-sea movements of the white tern gygis alba in waters off eastern australia

We present the first tracked movements of the medium-sized tropical White Tern Gygis alba, using Global Location Sensors (GLS), from a breeding colony on Lord Howe Island, South Pacific, Australia. The tracking period encompassed pre-breeding in 2018 to potential chick provisioning in the following season. Terns remained near Lord Howe Island during breeding, with some pre-egg-laying and post-nestfailure trips 1 000 km distant. The average departure date from Lord Howe Island was 08 April (range: 21 March-22 April). The tern's migration route was northwest towards the eastern Australian coast, skirting the Great Barrier Reef. Terns then spent the non-breeding period (50% utilisation distribution) in the northwestern Coral Sea bounded by the New Guinea archipelago to the north and North Queensland, Australia, to the west. The mean transit time to the core non-breeding areas was five days (standard deviation +/- 2.5 d). The core nonbreeding area was 2 200 km from Lord Howe Island. The mean time spent in the core non-breeding area was 93 d (+/- 10 d). The return passage completed a clockwise journey with a mean passage time of 12 d (+/- 3.8 d) and an average arrival on Lord Howe Island of 18 August (range: 08 August-02 September). Over 51% of their core foraging and non-breeding areas were within dedicated marine park networks. We documented the day visits to the island and approximate incubation shifts and nest attendance from changes in light levels of GLS devices. We determined, using saltwater immersion data, that the species exhibited almost no contact with the sea surface during darkness. Peak activity during daylight hours commenced at 12h00, probably indicating resting after foraging at sea. From the limited samples, instrumenting of the terns did not appear to impede breeding attempts during the 14 months of attachment.