Three-Dimensional Lead Halide Perovskites Embedded in Zero-Dimensional Lead Halide Perovskites: Synthesis, Stability, and Applications

Zero-dimensional (0D) perovskites, which consist of isolated halide octahedra, have attracted considerable attention for use in various optoelectronic applications owing to their significant optical properties, such as high photoluminescence quantum yield and stability as a result of the large exciton binding energy. In particular, the unique structure in which three-dimensional (3D) perovskites are embedded in zero-dimensional (0D) perovskites can be utilized to address the intrinsic instability issue of 3D metal halide perovskites. However, the applications of 0D perovskites have been limited owing to a lack of understanding their structure and photophysical characteristics. In this review, we discuss methods used for the synthesis of 3D embedded in 0D (3D-0D) lead halide perovskites and the phase stability issue observed under harsh conditions of water, heat, and photo exposure. Furthermore, several applications of stable 3D-0D lead halide perovskites, including white light-emitting diodes, perovskite light-emitting diodes, solar cells, photodetectors, luminescent solar concentrators, and lasers, are summarized, and an outlook for further applications is presented. Finally, future research directions are suggested based on the potential applications of these materials.