Status and future perspectives for pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) stocks in Europe

Pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) is a European fresh and brackish water piscivorous fish, important as both a key predator and a valuable commercial and recreational fisheries species. There are concerns that some stocks are depleted due to overfishing and environmental changes. We review data collection and population assessments currently used for nine pikeperch stocks across six European countries and apply a unified assessment framework to evaluate population status and trends. For this we first standardised commercial, scientific, and recreational catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) and catch time series and then applied Bayesian surplus production models. Our results showed that three stocks (including two in the Baltic Sea) were strongly depleted, with estimated biomasses considerably lower than the biomass at maximum sustainable yield (Bmsy). Other stocks were either close or higher than their estimated Bmsy. Looking at the trends, we find that four stocks (Lake Oulujarvi, Kvadofjarden, Lake Peipsi and Lipno) showed increasing biomass trends and two (Curonian Lagoon, Galtfjarden) had a strong decline in biomass. In most cases the stocks with clear signs of recovery were also those for which strong management strategies have been implemented. We find that, despite pikeperch being one of the most valuable inland fisheries, formalised stock assessments and regular surveys remain rare. Importantly, although most stocks are strongly targeted by recreational fishing, estimates of recreational catch are highly uncertain. We conclude that data limited stock assessment methods are useful for assessing fish population status and highlight an urgent need to improve pikeperch scientific monitoring and assessment of recreational catches. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.