A novel anthocyanin electrospun film by caffeic acid co-pigmentation for real-time fish freshness monitoring.

In recent years, the use of intelligent and efficient food freshness indicators (FFIs) for monitoring food freshness has been studied widely. In this work, we employed polyacrylonitrile as polymer, blueberry anthocyanins as an indicator, and caffeic acid as a co-pigment and fabricated a novel colorimetric sensing film for real-time monitoring the freshness of fish. The total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) level is one of the potential indicators to evaluate meat freshness. Visual observation confirmed that the polyacrylonitrile-anthocyanin-caffeic acid film changed from pink to light purple, and then to dark purple providing a good indication of spoilage, which correlated well with the TVB-N content and pH values in fish. It is because the volatile ammonia combined with water to form NH·HO, and then NH·HO is hydrolyzed to form OH and NH. The change of the polyacrylonitrile-anthocyanin film was caused by OH. Compared with the polyacrylonitrile-anthocyanin film without caffeic acid, the addition of the caffeic acid film had enhanced significantly ammonia responsiveness with a total color difference value of 29.897. And it was also observed that caffeic acid obviously improved the storage stability of the film. This study provided a reference for detecting food freshness using co-pigmentation and electrospinning encapsulation technology in combination.