Sleep and neurocognitive outcome in primary school children with Robin Sequence

Study objectives To investigate neurocognitive and behavioral outcomes at primary school age in relation to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children with Robin sequence (RS) treated with the Tuebingen palatal plate in infancy and to assess the impact of OSA in these patients. Methods Forty-two primary school-aged children (n = 21 with RS, n = 21 age- and sex-matched controls) underwent polysomnography, intelligence testing ("Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition" [WISC-V]), and anthropometrics. Families completed a 7-day sleep diary and questionnaires on sleep and behavior (Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire [CSHQ] and the Child Behavior Checklist [CBCL]). Results In children with RS (17 non-syndromic, four syndromic; median age 9.7 [8.5-10.8] years), the obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (OAHI) was significantly higher than in controls (1.3 [0.4-2.7]/h vs. 0.4 [0.1-0.6]/h). Two syndromic children with RS were already on nocturnal respiratory support for OSA prior to our study, and one non-syndromic child was diagnosed with severe OSA (OAHI 57/h) despite an unremarkable medical history and questionnaire. The overall intelligence quotient in children with RS was within the normal range and did not differ between children with RS and healthy peers (102 vs. 108, p = .05). However, children with RS had values in the at-risk clinical range for externalizing behavior. Conclusions These children with RS showed an increased risk of OSA and behavioral problems, suggesting regular screening for OSA throughout childhood. Neurocognitive scores in children with RS were within the normal range after adequate treatment of OSA during infancy.