Targeted Long-Read Sequencing Captures CRISPR Editing and AAV Integration Outcomes in Brain

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 gene editing is an emerging therapeutic modality that shows promise in Huntington's disease and spino-cerebellar ataxia (SCA) mouse models. However, advancing CRISPR-based therapies requires methods to fully define in vivo editing outcomes. Here, we use polymerase-free, targeted long -read nanopore sequencing and evaluate single-and dual-gRNA AAV-CRISPR editing of human ATXN2 in transgenic mouse models of SCA type 2 (SCA2). Unbiased high sequencing coverage showed 10%-25% editing. Along with intended edits there was AAV integration, 1%-2% of which contained the entire AAV genome and were largely unmethylated. More than 150 kb deletions at target loci and rearrangements of the transgenic allele (1%) were also found. In contrast, PCR-based nanopore sequencing showed bias for partial AAV fragments and inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) and failed to detect full-length AAV. Cumulatively this work defines the spectrum of outcomes of CRISPR editing in mouse brain after AAV gene transfer using an unbiased long-read sequencing approach.