Rice (Oryza sativa) alleviates photosynthesis and yield loss by limiting specific leaf weight under low light intensity

The physiological mechanisms of shade tolerance and trait plasticity variations under shade remain poorly understood in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Twenty-five genotypes of rice were evaluated under open and shade conditions. Various parameters to identify variations in the plasticity of these traits in growth irradiance were measured. We found wide variations in specific leaf weight (SLW) and net assimilation rate measured at 400 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD; referred to as A(400)) among the genotypes. Under shade, tolerant genotypes maintained a high rate of net photosynthesis by limiting specific leaf weight accompanied by increased intercellular CO2 concentration (C-i) compared with open-grown plants. On average, net photosynthesis was enhanced by 20% under shade, with a range of 2-30%. Increased accumulation of biomass under shade was observed, but it showed no correlation with photosynthetic plasticity. Chlorophyll a/b ratio also showed no association with photosynthetic rate and yield. Analysis of variance showed that 11%, 16%, and 37% of the total variance of A(400), SLW, and C-i were explained due to differences in growth irradiance. SLW and A(400) plasticity in growth irradiance was associated with yield loss alleviation with R-2 values of 0.37 and 0.16, respectively. Biomass accumulation was associated with yield loss alleviation under shade, but no correlation was observed between A(400) and leaf-N concentration. Thus, limiting specific leaf weight accompanied by increased C-i rather than leaf nitrogen concentration might have allowed rice genotypes to maintain a high net photosynthesis rate per unit leaf area and high yield under shade.