How to optimize the 2D/3D urban thermal environment: Insights derived from UAV LiDAR/multispectral data and multi-source remote sensing data

•Both 2D and 3D metrics of urban green-blue space and impervious land on land surface temperature (LST) were explored.•A Bayesian Network model was used to identify the coolest configuration of each landscape type.•Water bodies have stronger cooling effects than other landscape types.•The vegetation abundance of urban green space (UGS) appears to have larger impact on LST than the landscape patterns.•Optimizing the 3D structure of built-up areas could potentially help in urban heat island mitigation.