Removal of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid from Aqueous Solutions by Nanofiltration and Activated Carbon

This research deals with the elimination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from aqueous solutions by nanofiltration membrane and activated carbon (AC) synthesized from Elaeagnus angustifolia to identify the most effective and sustainable treatment technique. To optimize the adsorption operating parameters, the AC dose, contact time, stirring speed, and initial pH were investigated, and the obtained results were modeled by examining isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics. To optimize the nanofiltration treatment, recirculation flow rate, initial pH, initial concentration of 2,4-D, and presence of monovalent and divalent salts were examined. It was found that 2,4-D can be successfully eliminated by AC with a removal efficiency of 96