Psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Revised Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-140) in adults and older adults with cancer managed in outpatient settings.

Cloninger's psychobiological model [ [1] Cloninger C.R. The psychobiological theory of temperament and character: comment on Farmer and Goldberg. Psychol Assess. 2008; 20: 292-299https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012933 Crossref PubMed Scopus (98) Google Scholar ] measures individual differences in personality traits (both normal and pathological personalities) [ [2] Cloninger C.R. Svrakic D.M. Przybeck T.R. A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993; 50: 975-990https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008 Crossref PubMed Scopus (4056) Google Scholar , [3] Farmer R.F. Goldberg L.R. A psychometric evaluation of the revised temperament and character inventory TCI-R and the TCI-140. Psychol Assess. 2008; 20: 281-291https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012934 Crossref PubMed Scopus (83) Google Scholar ]. Temperamental traits are defined as individual differences that are presupposed to be independently inheritable, manifest in early life, and are related to emotion regulation and perception-based habits and skills. Temperamental traits are classified into four dimensions (Novelty-Seeking-NS, Harm-Avoidance-HA, Reward-Dependence-RD, Persistence-PS). Character dimensions are defined as individual differences in self-concepts, goals, and values, which develop during life through interpersonal and social experience and are classified into three dimensions (Self-Directedness-SD, Cooperativeness-C, Self-Transcendence-ST).