Artificial intelligence in cardiology: did it take off?

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been touted as a paradigm shifting, game-changing development in medicine. Did AI in cardiology take off? In this paper, we discuss some areas within cardiology in which there has some been progress in the implementation of AI technologies. Despite the promise of AI, challenges remain including cybersecurity, implementation and change management difficulties. This paper discusses the use of AI embedded as a ‘black box’ technology in existing diagnostic and interventional tools, AI as an adjunct to diagnostic tools such as echo or CT or MRI scans, AI in commercially available wearables, and AI in chatbots and other patient-fronting technologies. Lastly, while there has been some progress, the legal, regulatory, financial and ethical framework remains a work in evolution at national and international levels.