The CRL4 DCAF6 E3 ligase ubiquitinates CtBP1/2 to induce apoptotic signalling and promote intervertebral disc degeneration

Inflammation and apoptosis are two important pathological causes of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). The crosstalk between these two biological processes during IDD pathogenesis remains elusive. Herein, we discovered that chronic inflammation induced apoptosis through a cullin–RING E3 ligase (CRL)-dependent mechanism. Two cullin proteins, CUL4A and 4B, recruited DNA damage-binding protein 1 (DDB1), RING-box protein 1 (RBX1) and DDB1- and CUL4-associated factor 6 (DCAF6) to assemble a CRL4 DCAF6 E3 ligase in intervertebral discs (IVDs) derived from IDD patients. The CRL4 DCAF6 E3 ligase ubiquitinated and degraded C-terminal-binding protein 1 and 2 (CtBP1/2), two homologues of transcriptional corepressors. The degradation of CtBP1/2 disassociated from the p300–forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a) complex, inducing the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2)-binding component 3 ( BBC3 ) and causing BBC3-dependent apoptosis. TSC01131, a small molecule that specifically targets CUL4–DDB1 interaction, could inhibit the ubiquitination of CtBP1/2 in vitro and in vivo, thereby decreasing the BBC3 expression level and preventing apoptosis signalling. Using a mouse chronic inflammation model, we found that chronic inflammation could accelerate the IDD process through a conserved CRL4 DCAF6 -mediated mechanism. The administration of TSC01131 to mice could significantly improve the outcome of IDD. Collectively, our results revealed that inflammation-dependent CRL4 DCAF6 E3 ligase triggered apoptosis through the removal of CtBP-mediated transrepression. The blockage of the CRL4 DCAF6 E3 ligase by TSC01131 may represent a new therapeutic strategy for IDD treatment. Key messages CUL4A and CUL4B recruited DDB1, RBX1 and DCAF6 to assemble a CRL4 DCAF6 E3 ligase in human IDD biopsies. The CRL4 DCAF6 E3 ligase ubiquitinated and degraded CtBP1/2, causing BBC3-dependent apoptosis. A small molecule TSC01131 that specifically targets CUL4–DDB1 interaction could inhibit the ubiquitination of CtBP1/2, improving the outcome of IDD in a mouse model.