Evaluation of Portable X-ray Fluorescence Analysis and Its Applicability As a Tool in Geochemical Exploration

Large-scale, high-density geochemical explorations entail enormous workloads and high costs for sample analysis, but, for early mineral exploration, absolute concentrations are not essential. Geochemists require ranges, dynamics of variation, and correlations for early explorations rather than absolute accuracy. Thus, higher work efficiency and lower costs for sample analysis are desirable for geochemical exploration. This study comprehensively analyzed the reliability and applicability of portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometry in geochemical exploration. The results show that pXRF can be applied effectively to rock and rock powder samples, and sample preparation and a longer detection time have been shown to increase the precision of the pXRF results. When pXRF is used on rock samples, if less than 30% of the samples are assessed as containing an element, the element is usually undetectable using pXRF when these rock samples are prepared as rock powders, indicating that the data about the detected element are unreliable; thus, it is suggested that some representative samples should be selected for testing before starting to use a pXRF in a geochemical exploration project. In addition, although the extended detection time increased the reliability of the analysis results, an increase in detection time of more than 80 s did not significantly affect the accuracy of the results. For this reason, the recommended detection time for the pXRF analysis of rock powder samples is 80 s for this study. pXRF has the advantages of being low-cost, highly efficient, and stable, and its results are reliable enough to exhibit the spatial distribution of indicator elements (arsenic, nickel, lead, sulfur, titanium, and zinc) in polymetallic mineralization exploration. Therefore, pXRF is recommendable for practical use in geochemical exploration.