The Pig is a Better Model Than the Rabbit or Rat for Studying the Pathophysiology of Human Mesenteric Arteries

AIMS:Animal models are essential to investigate cardiovascular pathophysiology and pharmacology, but phylogenetic diversity makes it necessary to identify the model with vasculature most similar to that of humans.METHODS AND RESULTS:In this study, we compared the mesenteric arteries of humans, pigs, rabbits and rats in terms of the i) evolutionary changes in the amino acid sequences of α1 and β2 adrenoceptors; M1, M2, and M3 muscarinic receptors; and bradykinin (BKR) and thromboxane-prostanoid (TP) receptors, through bioinformatics tools; ii) expression of α1, β2, M1, M3 and TP receptors in each tunica, as assessed by immunofluorescence; and iii) reactivity to receptor-dependent and independent contractile agonists and relaxants, by performing organ bath assays. Phylogenetically, pigs showed the highest degree of evolutionary closeness to humans for all receptors, and with the exception of BKR, rabbits presented the greatest evolutionary difference compared to humans, pigs and rats. The expression of the measured receptors in the three vascular tunica in pigs was most similar to that in humans. Using a one-way ANOVA to determine the differences in vascular reactivity, we found that the reactivity of pigs was the most similar to that of humans in terms of sensitivity (pD2) and maximum effect of vascular reactivity (Emax) to KCl, phenylephrine, isoproterenol and carbachol.CONCLUSIONS:The pig is a better vascular model than the rabbit or rat to extrapolate results to human mesenteric arteries. Comparative vascular studies have implications for understanding the evolutionary history of different species.TRANSLATIONAL PERSPECTIVE:The presented findings are useful for identifying an animal model with a vasculature that is similar to that of humans. This information is important to extrapolate, with greater precision, the findings in arterial pathophysiology or pharmacology from animal models to the healthy or diseased human being.