Integrative Effects of Microbial Inoculation and Amendments on Improved Crop Safety in Industrial Soils Co-Contaminated with Organic and Inorganic Pollutants

Soils co-contaminated by organic and inorganic pollutants usually pose major ecological risks to soil ecosystems in-cluding plants. Thus, effective strategies are needed to alleviate the phytotoxicity caused by such co-contamination. In this study, microbial agents (a mixture of Bacillus subtilis, Sphingobacterium multivorum, and a commercial microbial product named OBT) and soil amendments (beta-cyclodextrin, rice husk, biochar, calcium magnesium phosphate fertil-izer, and organic fertilizer) were evaluated to determine their applicability in alleviating toxicity to crops (maize and soybean) posed by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) and potentially toxic metals co-contaminated soils. The results showed that peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activity levels in maize or soybean grown in severely or mildly contaminated soils were significantly enhanced by the integrative effects of amendments and micro-bial agents, compared with those in single plant treatments. The removal rates of Zn, Pb, and Cd in severely contam-inated soils were 49 %, 47 %, and 51 % and 46 %, 45 %, and 48 %, for soybean and maize, respectively. The total contents of Cd, Pb, Zn, and PAHs in soil decreased by day 90. Soil organic matter content, levels of nutrient elements, and enzyme activity (catalase, urease, and dehydrogenase) increased after the amendments and application of micro-bial agents. Moreover, the amendments and microbial agents also increased the diversity and distribution of bacterial species in the soil. These results suggest that the amendments and microbial agents were beneficial for pollutant puri-fication, improving the soil environment and enhancing both plant resistance to pollutants and immune systems of plants.