The development of a 3D-printed in vitro integrated oro-pharyngeal air–liquid interface cellular throat model for drug transport

To simulate the deposition of drugs in the oro-pharynx region, several in vitro models are available such as the United States Pharmacopeia-Induction Port (USP-IP) throat and the Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) models. However, currently, there is no such in vitro model that incorporates a biological barrier to elucidate drug transport across the pharyngeal cells. Cellular models such as in vitro air–liquid interface (ALI) models of human respiratory epithelial cell lines are extensively used to study drug transport. To date, no studies have yet been performed to optimise the ALI culture conditions of the human pharyngeal cell line Detroit 562 and determine whether it could be used for drug transport. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a novel 3D-printed throat model integrated with an ALI cellular model of Detroit 562 cells and optimise the culture conditions to investigate whether the combined model could be used to study drug transport, using Lidocaine as a model drug. Differentiating characteristics specific to airway epithelia were assessed using 3 seeding densities (30,000, 60,000, and 80,000 cells/well (c/w), respectively) over 21 days. The results showed that Detroit 562 cells completely differentiates on day 18 of ALI for both 60,000 and 80,000 c/w with significant mucus production, showing response to bacterial and viral stimuli and development of functional tight junctions and Lidocaine transport with no significant differences observed between the ALI models with the 2 cell seeding densities. Results showed the suitability of the Low density (60,000 c/w or 1.8 × 10 5 cells/cm 2 ) ALI model to study drug transport. Importantly, the developed novel 3D-printed throat model integrated with our optimised in vitro Detroit 562 ALI model showed transport of Lidocaine throat spray. Overall, the study highlights the potential of the novel 3D-printed bio-throat integrated model as a promising in vitro system to investigate the transport of inhalable drug therapies targeted at the oro-pharyngeal region. Graphical Abstract