Novel delivery system with a dual–trigger release of savory essential oil by mesoporous silica nanospheres and its possible targets in leukemia cancer cells: in vitro study

Introduction Essential oils (EOs) are complex structures and possess several pharmacological effects. Nanomedicine offers a solution for their major limitations, including poor solubility, volatility, and non–controlled release, preventing their clinical use. Methods Here, we developed a novel delivery system by nanoformulations that were prepared by impregnating savory essential oil (SA) into mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs). The nanoformulations were characterized and examined for their anticancer activities on cancer cells (HepG2 liver and HL60 leukemia cells) and MRC5 normal cells. We further tested the mechanisms of action and possible molecular targets against HL60 cells. Results The results demonstrated that SA was governed by nanoformulations under the dual–trigger release of pH/glutathione, and it typically fit the Korsmeyer–Peppas kinetic model. The nanoformulations enhanced the anticancer effect against HepG2 cells and HL60 cells compared to SA but were less cytotoxic to MRC5 normal cells and regulated various molecular pathways of apoptosis. Most importantly, new results were obtained on the genetic regulation principle through the high inhibition of long noncoding RNAs (HOTAIR, HULC, CCAT1, and H19) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP–2 and MMP–9), providing a novel leukemia target. Conclusions These results suggest potential impacts for nanoformulations composed of SA with a sustained release pattern controlled by dual–trigger release of pH/GSH that enhanced anticancer cells. This approach may offer a new route for using EOs as new targets for cancers and open the door for deep preclinical investigations.