Experienced stress among martial arts athletes from selected European Union countries during the 4(th) wave of the covid-19 pandemic and the frequency of using coping strategies

Background and Study Aims: In sports, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected variables such as training, recovery or athletes' sleep quality, uncertainty about the future generating distress and anxiety in athletes. There are two cog- nitive purpose of the current study: knowledge about the subjectively experienced stress in martial arts athletes from selected Europe Union countries during the 4th wave of the pandemic; and knowledge of the likely of using coping strategies, and if so, with what frequency.Materials and Methods: Three hundred and forty-one competitive martial arts athletes from Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Spain were investigated (female n = 129, male n = 212). The athletes represented (according to division of the combat sports under forms of the direct confrontation): workings of weap- ons (fencing); hits (boxing, karate, kickboxing, Muay Thai, taekwondo); throws and grips of immobilisation of opponent's body (Brazilian jiu-jitsu, freestyle wrestling, judo) were investigated. In this paper we anal- yse workings of weapons and hits as conventional "striking combat sports " SCS (in consequence FSCS or MSCS - for female and male respectively), while throws and grips of immobilization of opponent's body as "grappling combat sports " GCS (FGCS and MGCS respectively). The Perception of Stress Questionnaire was used to measure intrapsychic stress, external stress and emotional tension in athletes, while through the Brief COPE questionnaire the frequency of use of 14 coping strategies was examined.Results: The highest intrapsychic stress levels, during the 4th wave of the pandemic, were registered by Slovak athletes, external stress was the highest among Italian martial arts athletes, while the highest emotion- al tension levels were reported by Latvian athletes. The lowest values were observed in Lithuanian mar- tial arts athletes, in all three stress dimensions. Also, martial arts athletes who have tested positive for COVID-19 reported significantly higher levels of stress and used (during the 4th wave) more frequent de- nial, behavioural disengagement and less frequent positive reframing (as coping strategies). Gender and type of sport-dependent strategies to deal with stress were discussed: FSCS group used less frequently emotion-focused coping strategies than male athletes from both MSCS and MGCS (apparently a surpris- ing result), and with a higher frequency dysfunctional coping strategies. No important differences were found between the four investigated groups of athletes MGCS, MSCS, FGCS and FSCS) with respect to the problem-focused coping strategies.Conclusions: Martial arts (combat sports) athletes who have tested positive for COVID-19 reported significantly high- er levels of intrapsychic stress, emotional tension and external stress, compared to athletes which re- ported that they have not suffered from COVID-19. Denial and behavioural disengagement (as dysfunc- tional coping strategies) were more frequent among athletes which reported that they were sick with COVID-19, while positive reframing was significantly less used. The research can be of interest for mar- tial arts athletes, coaches, parents and sports psychologists seeking to promote the most effective strat- egies to deal with negative stress, if the pandemic will have long-term consequences for athletes' men- tal health and well-being.