Deep learning for pancreatic diseases based on endoscopic ultrasound: A systematic review

Background and aims: Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is one of the main examinations in pancreatic diseases. A series of the studies reported the application of deep learning (DL)-assisted EUS in the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases. This systematic review is to evaluate the role of DL algorithms in assisting EUS diagnosis of pancreatic diseases.Methods: Literature search were conducted in PubMed and Semantic Scholar databases. Studies that developed DL models for pancreatic diseases based on EUS were eligible for inclusion. This review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and quality assessment of the included studies was performed according to the IJMEDI checklist.Results: A total of 23 studies were enrolled into this systematic review, which could be categorized into three groups according to computer vision tasks: classification, detection and segmentation. Seventeen studies focused on the classification task, among which five studies developed simple neural network (NN) models while twelve studies constructed convolutional NN (CNN) models. Three studies were concerned the detection task and five studies were the segmentation task, all based on CNN architectures. All models presented in the studies per-formed well based on EUS images, videos or voice. According to the IJMEDI checklist, six studies were recog-nized as high-grade quality, with scores beyond 35 points.Conclusions: DL algorithms show great potential in EUS images/videos/voice for pancreatic diseases. However, there is room for improvement such as sample sizes, multi-center cooperation, data preprocessing, model interpretability, and code sharing.