Trust Estimation for Autonomous Vehicles by Measuring Pedestrian Behavior in VR

This study proposes a method to estimate pedestrian trust in an automated vehicle (AV) based on pedestrian behavior. It conducted experiments in a VR environment where an AV approached a crosswalk. Participants rated their trust in the AV at three levels before/while they crossed the road. The level can be estimated by deep learning using their skeletal coordinates, position, vehicle position, and speed during the past four seconds. The estimation accuracy was 61%.