Use of GnRH-Encapsulated Chitosan Nanoparticles as an Alternative to eCG for Induction of Estrus and Ovulation during Non-Breeding Season in Sheep

Simple Summary Sheep are seasonal polyestrus breeders, and applying intensive breeding systems requires effective estrus induction protocols. Commonly, progesterone-equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) protocols are used to induce estrus and ovulation in anestrous sheep. However, eCG is an essential element in such protocols, and it has many disadvantages such as the formation of antibodies against the hormone and aspects related to animal welfare (specifically pregnant mares). Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) can be a possible eCG alternative, but variable ovarian responses and sexual behaviors were observed, and these were mainly due to the ability of GnRH to induce a precocious LH surge. Hence, optimizing the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of GnRH may meet the ovarian and behavioral requirements of ewes during the follicular phase. In this study, we compare the effects of two doses of GnRH-encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles as a new delivery system, with eCG in a progesterone-based estrus induction protocol, on ovarian response, progesterone concentrations, and pregnancy outcomes. The results indicate that, despite the fact that the high dose of nanoencapsulated GnRH shortened the duration of estrus, it improved progesterone concentrations during early pregnancy and lambing and fecundity rates compared with low nanoencapsulated GnRH and eCG treatments. Thus, a high dose of nanoencapsulated GnRH can be used as an eCG alternative in progesterone-based protocols in seasonally anestrous ewes. This study is aimed at determining the reproductive performance of anestrous ewes treated with nanoencapsulated GnRH after a progesterone-based protocol for estrus induction was proposed as a way of replacing eCG. A total of sixty anestrous, multiparous, non-lactating Barki ewes were randomly allocated into three homogenous groups and subjected to a CIDR-based estrus induction protocol. The first group (eCG) received an intramuscular (i.m.) injection of 350 IU of eCG at CIDR removal. The second (LNGnRH) and third (HLNGnR) groups received either 25 mu g or 50 mu g of encapsulated GnRH nanoparticles by the i.m. route in the form of spherical GnRH-encapsulated chitosan-TPP nanoparticles (which were 490.8 nm and had a 13.6 mV positive charge) 48 h after CIDR removal. Follicular dynamics, estrous behavior, luteal activity, and pregnancy outcomes were evaluated. Three days after CIDR removal, the number of large follicles increased by similar amounts in the LNGnRH and eCG groups and were significantly higher in both groups than in the HNGnRH group. However, no differences were observed in the numbers and diameters of CLs among the experimental groups and, on the other hand, treatment with HNGnRH significantly increased blood serum progesterone levels compared with eCG and LNGnRH. Treatment with HNGnRH increased conception, lambing, and fecundity rates (p < 0.05), with the trend of a higher litter size (p = 0.081) compared with eCG, whereas LNGnRH resulted in intermediate values. In conclusion, a dose of 50 mu g of GnRH encapsulated in chitosan-TPP nanoparticles can be used as an alternative to eCG in progesterone-based estrus induction protocols in sheep.