Advances, challenges, and future directions in the management of craniovertebral junction pathologies.

In this third article in a three-article series on the craniocervical junction, the authors define the terms basilar impression, cranial settling, basilar invagination, and platybasia, noting that these terms are often used interchangeably but represent distinct entities. They then provide examples that represent these pathologies and treatment paradigms. Finally, they discuss challenges and future direction in the craniovertebral junction surgery space.