Wolverine: A Scalable and Transaction-Consistent Redactable Permissionless Blockchain.

The immutability of blockchains is critical for cryptocurrencies, but an imperative need arises for the redaction of on-chain data due to privacy-protecting laws like GPDR. Recently, Ateniese et al. (EuroS & P 2017) proposed an elegant solution to this problem based on chameleon hash functions, followed by many subsequent works. While these works offered a solution to the permissioned blockchain, the approaches were not efficient enough for the permissionless setting, in terms of either security (which may cause inconsistent historical transactions) or performance (only up to a few hundred nodes). In this paper, we investigate this problem and present Wolverine, a redactable permissionless blockchain. First, we present a formal redactable blockchain model, carefully considering transaction consistency. Next, towards a practical scheme, we introduce the novel concept of non-interactive chameleon hash (NITCH). NITCHs dynamically distribute a trapdoor key among a group and each party in the group can compute its partial share without communicating with others. Anyone who possesses enough shares can then find a valid hash collision. To prevent the static group from being compromised after a sufficiently long time, we provide a generic transform from NITCHs to decentralized random beacons (DRBs) and design a committee evolution protocol based on DRBs that refresh the group after every fixed interval of time. Based on NITCH and the committee evolution protocol, we construct Wolverine which offers important features such as scalability, transaction consistency, and public accountability. Finally, we demonstrate the practicality of Wolverine by giving a proof-of-concept implementation based on Bitcoin in Golang.