Propagation path loss models and multipath clustering based on rotated linear array method of measurements and simulations in the waiting hall environments

In this letter, the extensive measurements and simulations are conducted at 28 GHz in the large waiting hall environments. The rotated linear array-based method of measurement is proposed. The rotated linear array-based method of measurement and the uniform virtual array-based method of measurement are performed and compared. The space-alternating generalized expectation-maximization algorithm is exploited to extract the propagation parameters of multipath components (MPCs). Path loss models are illustrated based on self-developed ray tracing simulator. A good agreement is achieved between the simulated results and the measured results, so the correctness of improved ray tracing method is verified. The results show that the measured results of the rotated linear array-based method and the uniform virtual array-based method are consistent. But the rotated linear array-based method is simpler and less time-consuming. A universal path loss model is proposed in the large waiting hall scenarios at 28 GHz. Moreover, clustering of MPCs is investigated by the K-power-mean algorithm. The number of clusters are calculated and analyzed.