Race, Social Determinants of Health, and Risk of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in the United States
JOURNAL OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC HEALTH DISPARITIES(2023)
摘要
ObjectiveTo examine the independent and interdependent effects of race and social determinants of health (SDoH) and risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in the US.Data Source/Study DesignSecondary analysis of pooled data for 252,218 participants of the 2006-2018 National Health Interview Survey, linked to the National Death Index.MethodsAge-adjusted mortality rates (AAMR) were reported for non-Hispanic White (NHW) and non-Hispanic Black (NHB) individuals overall, and by quintiles of SDoH burden, with higher quintiles representing higher cumulative social disadvantage (SDoH-Qx). Survival analysis was used to examine the association between race, SDoH-Qx, and all-cause and CVD mortality.FindingsAAMRs for all-cause and CVD mortality were higher for NHB and considerably higher at higher levels of SDoH-Qx, however, with similar mortality rates at any given level of SDoH-Qx. In multivariable models, NHB experienced 20-25% higher mortality risk relative to NHW (aHR = 1.20-1.26); however, no association was observed after adjusting for SDoH. In contrast, higher SDoH burden was associated with up to nearly threefold increased risk of all-cause (aHR, Q5 vs Q1 = 2.81) and CVD mortality (aHR, Q5 vs Q1 = 2.90); the SDoH effect was observed similarly for NHB (aHR, Q5:all-cause mortality = 2.38; CVD mortality = 2.58) and NHW (aHR, Q5:all-cause mortality = 2.87; CVD mortality = 2.93) subgroups. SDoH burden mediated 40-60% of the association between NHB race and mortality.ConclusionsThese findings highlight the critical role of SDoH as upstream drivers of racial inequities in all-cause and CVD mortality. Population level interventions focused on addressing adverse SDoH experienced by NHB individuals may help mitigate persistent disparities in mortality in the US.
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关键词
Mortality,All-cause mortality,Cardiovascular mortality,Race,Racial disparities,Social determinants of health
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