Antenna Array Diversity Evaluation Under Multipath Environments With Digital Beamforming

This work proposes a methodology for evaluating the antenna array diversity and resultant radiation pattern from digitally-processed-based beamforming systems. Our approach enables to interpret the advanced antenna systems (AAS) coverage and massive multiple-input multiple output (mMIMO) spatial resolution, by the inspection of the array resultant multiple beams. Particularly, the impact on the mMIMO spatial resolution is conducted as a function of the channel correlation, by means of an exclusively radiofrequency (RF) approach, with the advantage of not considering the system-level features, and using a new figure of merit ( $\Lambda $ factor). The new figure of merit enables to evaluate the antenna array diversity from two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) beamforming, by computing the number of lobes with gain higher than a unique element. In the 3D case, the figure of merit is based on a differential calculation, which enables performing an infinitesimal counting of lobes per antenna element beamwidth. Such parameter is initially applied to a theoretical dipole-based array, with the purpose of quantifying the created multiple beams by the overlapped radiation patterns from mMIMO systems. Furthermore, the $\Lambda $ factor is exploited for analyzing the performance of a 64-element and dual-polarized SICL-based slot antenna array and a 64-element dipole-based antenna prototypes, both previously developed by our research group. Finally, it is demonstrated that the $\Lambda $ factor increases as diversity increases and dipole-based antenna array could be used as an upper limit, attaining 11.46 lobes/rad