Deep learning system for brain image-aided diagnosis of multiple major mental disorders

The current clinical diagnosis of psychiatric disorders relies heavily on subjective assessment of symptoms. While neuroimaging has made an essential contribution to characterizing the brain of psychiatric disorders, it does not currently serve the clinical diagnosis of major psychiatric disorders. Here, we report a neuroimaging-aided diagnostic system for major psychiatric disorders designed for clinical needs. We developed novel deep learning networks with attentional mechanisms and applied them to a large-scale, single-center neuroimaging dataset containing four major psychiatric disorders and healthy groups (n=2490). Both cross-validation and extensive independent validation using multiple open-source datasets (n = 1972) showed that the system could accurately identify any one of the four diagnostic categories and healthy population from brain structural imaging. For the first time, we have constructed an automatic neuroimaging-aid diagnostic system that considers common issues in practice, such as co-morbid diagnoses and the discrimination between specific suspected diagnoses. Furthermore, real-world applications have validated the system’s effectiveness. These works contribute to the translation of brain research to objective diagnostic aids for psychiatric disorders. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Funding Statement This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC2001605); National Natural Science Foundation of China (81971682, 81571756); Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (20ZR1472800); Shanghai Municipal Commission of Education-Gaofeng Clinical Medicine Grant Support (20171929); Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Mental Health (19MC1911100); Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (2019ZB0201), Shanghai Science and Technology Commission (18JC1420305), Hundred-Talent Fund from Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health (2018BR17); Shanghai Mental Health Center Clinical Research Center (CRC2018DSJ01-5; CRC2019ZD04); Research Funds from Shanghai Mental Health Center (13dz2260500, 2018-YJ-02); 2021 Shanghai Mental Health Center Hospital Level Key Projects（2021zd02). ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: IRB, Shanghai Mental Health Center gave ethical approval for this work. I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes All data produced in the present study are available upon reasonable request to the authors