Forming multilayer graphene at different precursor temperature using cooking oil waste from AYAMAS via chemical vapour deposition

Industrial cooking waste is a worldwide concern. About 24 million metric tons (Mt) of waste oil are globally generated annually from food production industries which have caused severe environmental damage to landfills. To benefit the cooking oil waste, the carbon source is used to synthesise graphene film. The carbon source is cost-effective in terms of waste reduction and environmental benefits. This study used cooking oil waste from AYAMAS Food Corporation Sdn Bhd and nickel foil as precursor and substrate, respectively. The 200 scc/m flow rate and 1000 °C of deposition temperature were fixed. Samples were prepared in different precursor temperatures in the range of 275  to 400 °C with an increment of 25 °C via the double thermal chemical vapour deposition (DT-CVD) method. Raman’s spectra showed that 350 °C had multilayer graphene with the intensity of graphene I2D/IG of 0.38, which is close to 0.5 (multilayer graphene). The UV–Vis results showed that 350 °C had the highest reflectivity value at 250 nm, while FESEM images showed a clear hexagonal shape at 350 °C. The optimum parameter for the synthesis of multilayer graphene was 350 °C precursor temperature. Multilayer graphene was successfully synthesised using industrial cooking oil waste, AYAMAS, as a carbon source via the double thermal chemical vapour deposition method.