The role of repeat training in participants undertaking take home naloxone interventions

Introduction and Aims Training of consumers is seen as a necessary component of take home naloxone (THN) interventions, with demonstrated improvements in consumer knowledge, attitudes and self-efficacy. However, we query whether re-training is necessary component for individuals renewing naloxone supplies who have previously completed a THN intervention. Design and Methods A secondary analysis of the Overdose Response and Take Home Naloxone (ORTHN) project, comparing participant characteristics, and changes in knowledge, attitudes and self-efficacy regarding overdose and response, following a brief THN intervention in participants who had previously undertaken THN interventions, compared to those with no prior THN interventions. Data was analysed for those completing both baseline (pre-ORTHN intervention) and follow up (3-months later). Results Ninety-four participants completed both research interviews, of whom 29 (31%) had previously completed a THN intervention. There were few differences in baseline demographics or overdose histories between the two groups. Knowledge regarding overdose response and naloxone use indicated high baseline levels in both groups. Those with no prior THN training had lower rates of self-efficacy at baseline, and significantly improved following the ORTHN intervention, whereas those with prior THN training had higher baseline levels of self-efficacy, which was maintained following the intervention. Discussion and Conclusions Individuals who have previously undertaken a THN intervention may not require repeat training when renewing naloxone supplies, increasing the efficiency of THN interventions. ### Competing Interest Statement SN has received research funding from Indivior and Seqirus, and her institution has received honoraria for training delivered on codeine dependence from Indivior. NL has received funding for participating in Advisory Boards with Mundipharma and Inidivior, and research funding from Camurus, Braeburn, Indivior and Mundipharma. ### Funding Statement The ORTHN project was funded by the Translational Research Grants Scheme (project number TRGS60). SN is the recipient of an NHMRC research fellowship (#1163961). ### Author Declarations All relevant ethical guidelines have been followed; any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained and details of the IRB/oversight body are included in the manuscript. Yes All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable. Yes Available upon request