Epinephrine Intranasal Spray 2.0 mg Versus Epinephrine Injection Products: An Integrated Pharmacokinetic Analysis

ARS-1, an intranasal (IN) epinephrine spray, is under development as a needle-free alternative to manual intramuscular (IM) epinephrine injection and epinephrine injection devices for severe allergic reactions. We therefore performed an integrated analysis of 5 clinical studies to evaluate ARS-1’s pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) effects versus IM epinephrine.