Neurosensory anatomy and function in Dimetrodon , the first terrestrial apex predator.

is among the most recognizable fossil taxa, as well as the earliest terrestrial amniote apex predator. The neuroanatomy and auditory abilities of has long been the subject of interest, but palaeoneurological analyses have been limited by the lack of three-dimensional endocast data. The first virtual endocasts reveal a strongly flexed brain with enlarged floccular fossae and a surprisingly well-ossified bony labyrinth clearly preserving the semicircular canals, along with an undifferentiated vestibule and putative perilymphatic duct. This first detailed palaeoneurological reconstruction reveals potential adaptations for a predatory lifestyle and suggests was able to hear a wider range of frequencies than anticipated, potentially being sensitive to frequencies equal to or higher than many extant sauropsids, despite lacking an impedance matching ear. Ancestral state reconstructions support the long-standing view of as representative of the ancestral state for therapsids, while underscoring the importance of validating reconstructive analyses with fossil data.