HIV Infection Elicits Differential Transcriptomic Remodeling in CD4+ T Cells with Variable Proliferative Responses to the T Cell Receptor Stimulus.

Identification of a cellular biomarker of latent HIV infection will facilitate the latent reservoir detection, quantification, and targeting for elimination. Unfortunately, the latency biomarkers reported in the literature define only a fraction of the entire reservoir. The latent HIV reservoir may be established in dividing cells that subsequently return to quiescence and in resting cells. The strength of the T cell receptor (TCR) signaling at the time of infection affects characteristics of the established reservoir, such as the ability to reactivate with latency reversing agents. To better understand the cellular environments before latency establishment, we characterized transcriptomic remodeling induced by the initial HIV infection in cells with differential proliferative responses to the TCR stimulus. Cell proliferation was monitored using the viable dye carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester. Cells that divided many times, a few times, or remained non-dividing were subjected to single-cell RNA sequencing. A subset of identified transcriptional changes induced by HIV infection was independent of the number of cell divisions; however, responses unique to different cell subsets were also detected. Some of these early gene expression changes were consistent with reported markers of latently infected cells. We pose that the latency biomarkers may depend on the cellular proliferative state at the time of infection.