Antihyperglycemic Potential of Spondias mangifera Fruits via Inhibition of 11-HSD Type 1 Enzyme: In Silico and In Vivo Approach

The 11 beta- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11 beta-HSD1) is hypothesized to play a role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and its related complications. Because high glucocorticoid levels are a risk factor for metabolic disorders, 11 beta-HSD1 might be a viable therapeutic target. In this investigation, docking experiments were performed on the main constituents of Spondias mangifera (SM) oleanolic acid, beta-amyrin, and beta-sitosterol to ascertain their affinity and binding interaction in the human 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 enzyme's active region. The results of in vitro 11 beta HSD1 inhibitory assay demonstrated that the extract of S. mangifera had a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the 11-HSD1% inhibition (63.97%) in comparison to STZ (31.79%). Additionally, a non-insulin-dependent diabetic mice model was used to examine the sub-acute anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-diabetic effects of SM fruits. Results revealed that, in comparison to the diabetic control group, SM fruit extract (SMFE) extract at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight considerably (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) lowered blood glucose levels at 21 and 28 days, as well as significantly decreased total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) and enhanced the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). After 120 and 180 s of receiving 200 and 400 mg/kg SMFE, respectively, disease control mice showed significantly poorer blood glucose tolerance (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). SMFE extract 200 (p < 0.05), SMFE extract 400 (p < 0.01), and Glibenclamide at a dosage of 5 mg/kg body weight all resulted in statistically significant weight increase (p < 0.01) when compared to the diabetic control group after 28 days of treatment. According to in silico, in vitro, and in vivo validation, SMFE is a prospective medication with anti-diabetic and hypoglycemic effects.