Ultracold field-linked tetratomic molecules

Ultracold polyatomic molecules offer opportunities 1 in cold chemistry 2 , 3 , precision measurements 4 and quantum information processing 5 , 6 , because of their rich internal structure. However, their increased complexity compared with diatomic molecules presents a challenge in using conventional cooling techniques. Here we demonstrate an approach to create weakly bound ultracold polyatomic molecules by electroassociation 7 (F.D. et al., manuscript in preparation) in a degenerate Fermi gas of microwave-dressed polar molecules through a field-linked resonance 8 – 11 . Starting from ground-state NaK molecules, we create around 1.1 × 10 3 weakly bound tetratomic (NaK) 2 molecules, with a phase space density of 0.040(3) at a temperature of 134(3) nK, more than 3,000 times colder than previously realized tetratomic molecules 12 . We observe a maximum tetramer lifetime of 8(2) ms in free space without a notable change in the presence of an optical dipole trap, indicating that these tetramers are collisionally stable. Moreover, we directly image the dissociated tetramers through microwave-field modulation to probe the anisotropy of their wavefunction in momentum space. Our result demonstrates a universal tool for assembling weakly bound ultracold polyatomic molecules from smaller polar molecules, which is a crucial step towards Bose–Einstein condensation of polyatomic molecules and towards a new crossover from a dipolar Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer superfluid 13 – 15 to a Bose–Einstein condensation of tetramers. Moreover, the long-lived field-linked state provides an ideal starting point for deterministic optical transfer to deeply bound tetramer states 16 – 18 .