Battery capacity selection for electric construction machinery considering variable operating conditions and multiple interest claims

The appropriate battery capacity is a critical factor in the electrification of construction machinery, but the current selection for battery capacity lacks of consideration of the variable operating conditions and the multiple interests (customers and manufacturers). This study proposed a battery capacity selection framework for electric construction machinery. Firstly, the variable operating conditions are described mathematically, and the battery capacity relevant parameters are analyzed and determined. Secondly, a dual-layer optimization method is used to find the optimization solution set for battery capacity under different operating conditions. It is optimized for purchase and operating costs by the multi-objective snake optimizer. Finally, an evaluation system considering the multiple interest claims is proposed, and the battery capacity is selected by the improved fuzzy-TOPSIS method. The framework was verified with the wheel loader and provided five battery capacities under 4-8 h continuous operation conditions. Each version fitted at least 94.36% probability of the operating conditions and achieved initial purchase cost recovery within three years. And the impact of battery technology developments on the construction machinery electrification was also assessed. This research could be widely applied to battery capacity selection for electric construction machinery.