Seasonal vehicle emission rate of chemical compounds related to fuel type from on-road tunnel measurement

The vehicle emission rates (VER) of particulate matter (PM) and gaseous compounds were determined using analysis of the concentrations inside and outside the tunnel. The types of vehicles flowing during the observation period were classified into gasoline, diesel, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) vehicles, and factors affecting the calculated vehicle emissions were identified. This study presented PM2.5, OC, EC, NH3, CO, and NO at 11.21, 3.81, 2.82, 16.74, 563.61, and 257.50 mg/km, respectively. The PM2.5 and NO were higher in winter than in summer. The VER of chemical compounds, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, were presented. The study results present the characteristics of vehicle emission rate according to the fuel type during the holiday and non-holiday periods. It is expected that the results of this study can be used as data for international responses to reduce vehicle emissions in the future.