Rational design of 2D heterostructured photo- & electro-catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction: A review

Two-dimensional (2D) structures show atomic geometry of ultrahigh thickness and have the highest surface-to-volume ratio. A monolayer of 2D materials commonly comprises atomically thick covalent lattice bonds, which contain free nanosheets with dangling bonds that might exhibit odd electrical and optical properties. The gathering for 2D derivatives of vdW architectures may be viewed as being outside the bounds of lattice matching due to the lack of directly chemical bond proficiency. Heterostructures are frequently composed of multiple parts associated with significant interfaces and are extensively studied to prevent problems caused by hybrids with unique functions, such as tunneling and confinement effects. To optimize the adsorption/desorption energy for important reactions and to advance the kinetics of chemical reactions, heterostructures formation is a strong strategy to accelerate Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity is proposed. This mini-review deals with various 2D material and their heterostructures, from catalysts design to enhanced photo and electrocatalysis for H2 evolution reactions. Various forms, including 2D/2D, 1D/2D, and 0D/2D of heterostructures, are explained in water splitting reaction. By thoroughly addressing the fundamental aspects, recent developments, and associated challenges - the author's recommendation in compliance with future contests and prospects will pave the way for readers.