Negative CO 2 emissions in the lime production using an indirectly heated carbonate looping process

Lime is an essential raw material for iron and steel production, in construction and agriculture, in civil engineering, in environmental protection, and in manifold chemical manufacturing processes. To address the problem of unavoidable process CO 2 emissions associated with the production of lime, efficient capture technologies need to be developed and implemented. The indirectly heated carbonate looping (IHCaL) process is an efficient candidate for this application because it utilizes lime as the sorbent for the CO 2 capture. In this work, a retrofit configuration of this process is presented and analyzed for net negative CO 2 emissions. This is done considering different fuels that provide the heat required for the regeneration of the sorbent. The different scenarios were simulated with an AspenPlus® model, key performance indicators were calculated, and the process was compared with other post-combustion capture methods. The results show that net negative CO 2 emissions as high as −1805 kg CO2 /t CaO , calculated with a state-of-the-art coal power plant energy scenario ( η e = 44.2 %; e ref,el = 770 kg CO2 /MWh el ), can be obtained. This represents an equivalent CO 2 avoidance of more than 230% with respect to the reference plant without capture (1368 kg CO2 /t CaO ). A specific primary energy consumption for CO 2 avoided ( SPECCA ) lower than 1.5 MJ LHV /kg CO2,av was achieved for the same energy scenario. Particularly promising results can be accomplished when applying fuels with high biogenic fraction and low specific CO 2 emissions, such as solid recovered fuels (SRFs) with a high calorific value.