Effects of the electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on cellular redox homeostasis

In this work, an improved simulation model was proposed to assess the transmembrane potential (TMP) evolution on the cellular membrane exposed to time-varying magnetic fields (TMFs). Comparatively, we extended the research on TMP induced by TMF to the electroporation phenomenon by introducing the Smoluchowski function, thereby predicting the occurrence of electroporation. The simulation results based on our numerical model showed that with exposure to the sub-microsecond trapezoidal pulsed magnetic field (PMF), the pore density did not reach the conventional electroporation criterion (1014 m−2) even if the TMP exceeded the electroporation threshold (1 V); however, with the same energy import, it was easier for the nanosecond pulse to electroporate the membrane evidenced by higher pore density. Further, the capability of predicting the occurrence of electroporation was verified by extending our simulation model to compare experimental results. The comparative analysis showed that our simulation model has predictive and guiding significance for experimental studies and practical applications.