Resolving Power of Visible-To-Near-Infrared Hybrid β−Ta/Nb−Ti−N Kinetic Inductance Detectors

Kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) are superconducting energy-resolving detectors, sensitive to single photons from the near-infrared to ultraviolet. We study a hybrid KID design consisting of a $\ensuremath{\beta}$-phase tantalum ($\ensuremath{\beta}$-$\mathrm{Ta}$) inductor and a $\mathrm{Nb}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Ti}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{N}$ interdigitated capacitor. The devices show an average intrinsic quality factor ${Q}_{i}$ of $4.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}$. To increase the power captured by the light-sensitive inductor, we 3D print an array of $150\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}150\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{\ensuremath{\mu}}\mathrm{m}$ resin microlenses on the backside of the sapphire substrate. The shape deviation between design and printed lenses is smaller than $1\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{\ensuremath{\mu}}\mathrm{m}$, and the alignment accuracy of this process is ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{x}=+5.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{\ensuremath{\mu}}\mathrm{m}$ and ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{y}=+8.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.3\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{\ensuremath{\mu}}\mathrm{m}$. We measure a resolving power for 1545--402 nm that is limited to 4.9 by saturation in the KID's phase response. We can model the saturation in the phase response with the evolution of the number of quasiparticles generated by a photon event. An alternative coordinate system that has a linear response raises the resolving power to 5.9 at 402 nm. We verify the measured resolving power with a two-line measurement using a laser source and a monochromator. We discuss several improvements that can be made to the devices on a route towards KID arrays with high resolving powers.